پژوهشنامه اقتصاد انرژی ایران
پیاپی 32 (پاییز 1398)

The home sector has the largest share in the country's energy consumption, therefore, the present study tries to investigate the factors affecting the energy demand and the estimation of the deficient component in the energy expenditure gap of households using the approach of decomposition model by gathering data from families between 2008 and 2016. The result shows that income, education of householders, and urbanization have a negative influence, and the housing foundation has a positive and significant effect on the share of family energy expenditure. Evidence from the analysis of Oaxaca-Blinder Decomposition shows that the contribution of the deficient component in energy expenditure on total energy expenditure was 90. 4 and 84. 5 in 2008 and 2016, respectively. The outcome of meta-analysis reveals that in the fifth quantile, the share of the efficient component had been increased from 1. 16 percent in 2008 to 3. 05 percent in 2008, however, in the ninetyish quantile the contributions of the efficient component reached 22. 22 in 2016 from 15. 48 in 2008. So, efficiency improvement in energy consumption of households can play an important role in reducing energy consumption of households.

In this study, the sensitivity of Iranian oil export revenue to the OPEC summit statements (increase, decrease, and stability of production level) was investigated and analyzed using the structural self-regression model (SVAR) in the form of a Quantile approach. For this purpose, the required data were collected in three quanta during the years 2019-1989: ($ 40>), ($ 70-40) and ($ 70<) on a monthly basis from the OPEC Secretariat and the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The results of the sensitivity analysis in the mentioned quantiles showed that with the increase of the oil price from the quantile ($ 40) to ($ 70-40) and ($ 70 <), the sensitivity of the Iranian oil export revenues to the oil price decreases. Also, in the quantiles studied, the most sensitivity of Iran's oil revenues has been seen first to the shock caused by the decrease statement, then to the shock caused by the increase statement, and finally, to the shock caused by the stability statement of the OPEC production level. In addition, with the rise in crude oil prices, the sensitivity of Iran's oil revenues to these statements is declining. According to the high economic dependency on oil export revenue and the sensitivity of these revenues to the OPEC statements, it is suggested to energy policymakers to implement the policies in order to increase producing high value-added oil products instead of selling crude oil

This study attempts to present a pricing model for sulfur, based on the netback pricing method for selling the sulfuric acid to the production plants. Using data of a study presented by the national petrochemical company on sulfuric acid production plant with a capacity of 1.1 million tons in Mahshahr port, the price of sulfur in the price range of acid Sulfuric was set to maintain the project's rate of return, operating profit rate and net profit rate at 25 percent. The results of this study showed that at prices below 1.75 million rials/kg, sulfur should be provided free of charge to sulfuric acid production units in order to reach the rate of 25%. The results also showed that the target sulfur price would be different if the target was to maintain the domestic rate of return, operating profit rate, and the net interest rate at 25 percent. It seems offering a new mechanism for sulfur pricing should be necessary and netback pricing which is presented in this study can be considered one of these new mechanisms.

Natural gas has a special place in relation to other energy carriers due to its environmental advantages in energy consumption policies. Also, among the various energy consuming sectors in the country, the share of the domestic sector in natural gas consumption is higher than that of other sectors. The aim of this study was to investigate the function of natural gas demand using an almost ideal demand system. For this purpose, the data of Khuzestan province during the period of 1988-2018 were used and the equations were estimated with the help of seemingly unrelated regression methods. The Calculation of intrinsic price elasticities using constrained and non-constrained models showed that all these elasticities were negative. So that in the constrained and non -constrained model, the intrinsic price elasticity of natural gas is 0.92 and 0.9. Also, the study of natural gas income elasticity in the non -constrained and constrained models is positive and 0.9608 and 0.9613, respectively, and indicates that natural gas is an essential commodity in the basket of Khuzestan households.

Energy has always played a very important role in human life and is one of the factors that can make economic growth possible. Today, many countries are struggling to invest in new technologies by using renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, or water energy as their needed sources of energy, which, as compared to fossil fuels, generate lower environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the economic growth of the selected countries of the MENA region from renewable energy sources using the Panel Vector Autoregressive Model in the period of 1990-2015. The results of the study showed that the variable of the total energy produced from renewable sources has the largest share in explaining the changes in the economic growth of the countries under study and its explanatory value reaches 56% in the long run. Given the significant impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth, suitable policies for renewable energy are needed to achieve a high level of production and social welfare. In this regard, granting financial incentives, establishing a fund for renewable energy by the government, and creating conditions for developing the renewable energy industry in the country could be solutions.

The upward trend of natural gas consumption as a result of gas supply development in recent years necessitates the need to study the resilience of the natural gas distribution system more than ever. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of natural gas price liberalization on the resumption of the gas supply system in Iran. In order to measure the fluctuation of the natural gas distribution system, in the first stage, Lyapunov's view was calculated by using the Rosen-Einstein method, based on the consumption of natural gas in the household sector during the period from 2005 to 2018. In the next step, by using the Johansen-Uuselus Coincidence Method and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), the relationship between the price of natural gas and the volatility of the Iranian gas distribution system has been investigated. According to the results of the model, the price of natural gas after the law enforcement of subsidies has led to a reduction in the resilience of the gas supply system; however, before implementing the targeted subsidy policy, the natural gas price has a positive resilience on gas distribution system fluctuations. This could be resulted from the real fall in natural gas prices due to inflation and a sharp increase in the exchange rate in the years after the targeted subsidy law came into force.